bagvette

gastropod因為food web較低的level所以可以提供很多重要的seagrass carbon代謝pathway給更高的階層
而其density對於植物本身也具有很大的影響
當密度高的時候maybe會影響植物的photosynthesis和reproduction

Eric Parmentier*, Jean-Paul Lagardère, Jean-Baptiste Braquegnier,
Pierre Vandewalle and Michael L. Fine
*Author for correspondence (e-mail: E.Parmentier@ulg.ac.be)

ˇcommunication signals and sound production mechanisms of mormyrid electric fish
JOHN D. CRAWFORD* and XIAOFENG HUANG
The Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 1417-1426 (1999)

Comparison of Several Types of Enrichment for Captive Felids
(Montgomery Zoo in Montgomery)
3 tigers

Daily and seasonal variation in wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland 
怎麼看到作者在結論那邊的第一句話的時候整個讓我覺得有一種很莫名的感覺 = = 
那明明就是我早就知道的結果 而且還是一篇2008年5月發表的 = = 

Julia Eggermann, Roman Gula, Bartosz Pirga, Jorn Theuerkauf, Hiroshi Tsunoda, Barbara Brzezowska, Sophie Rouys, Stephan Radler
Received 9 January 2008; accepted 30 May 2008

Amy L. Skibiel, Heather S. Trevino, and Ken Naugher
Enrichment can increase the complexity of the captive environment and possibly enhance captive animals’ well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors commonly seen in zoo felids. In this study, three different enrichment items were added to outdoor enclosures of felids at the Montgomery Zoo to test their effects on activity levels and stereotypic pacing. Bones, frozen fish, and spices (cinnamon, chili powder, and cumin) were presented over a 3-month period to six species of felids: cheetah, cougar, jaguar, lion, ocelot, and tiger. Proportion of time spent engaging in active behaviors and stereotypic pacing were compared before, during, and after treatments. All treatments resulted in a significant increase in activity level from baseline (bones: 115.59%; frozen fish: 135.7%; spices: 112.38%). Effects of enrichment items on activity levels were not sustained 7 days after removal. Proportion of time spent pacing significantly decreased during presentation of spices (21.25%) and frozen fish (26.58%), but not with the addition of bones. However, only the effect of frozen fish on stereotypic behavior was sustained 7 days after removal of the enrichment item. In conclusion, bones, spices, and frozen fish are inexpensive and easy-toadminister enrichment items that may be used to increase active behaviors of captive felids.

Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis,
prevents seizures and is neuroprotective
Deborah Young1, Patricia A. Lawlor1,

Bugnyar T, Heinrich B.
Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405,
USA. thomas.bugnyar@univie.ac.at

要看這篇網誌之前 請先觀賞一下我之前轉的新聞..
狗尾巴向左向右大不同
Asymmetric tail-wagging responses by dogs to different emotive stimuli.